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...t air will expand and become less dense. Less dense air has a lower index of refraction, so the density gradient across the beam acts like a lens which ...five years of thermal blooming: an overview”, Proc. SPIE 1221, Propagation of High-Energy Laser Beams Through the Earth’s Atmosphere, (1 May 1990); doi: ...

...You get stimulated scattering, and it can be a big problem for some kinds of beams. ...rgy that wasn’t used up making that infrared photon (which is usually most of it). This is usually a very weak process, and for practical purposes we wo ...

...keep the superconductive winding from bursting, a thick supportive jacket of strong material is wrapped around the winding.]] ...ance. If you have a device with a large inductance, interrupting the flow of current will start to decrease the stored magnetic field resulting in a "ba ...

You've managed to direct the fearsome energies of your death ray beam onto your foe. Great! So now you have an intense irra ...he fluence <math>F</math> is the total energy delivered for a given amount of area, <math>F = I \, t</math>. ...

...pe velocity from the Sun, and the start and end point are on the same side of the Sun rather than crossing near the Sun during the trip, the straight-lin ...work everything in metric units (SI), meters, kilograms, and seconds. One of the challenges in explaining propulsion is that it is easy to get tangled u ...

...have probably heard of railguns. They are commonly depicted as some kind of fancy high-tech gun that can shoot its bullets really, really fast. But wh ...n the rails limits the efficiency of railguns compared to some other kinds of launch systems. ...

...earch systems the size of cities, they have an incredible widespread range of applications. There are also many, many ways to build a particle accelerato ...e a general primer on particle accelerators, their physics and a selection of technologies and construction styles. In detail, all particle accelerators ...

...iological organisms, damage or disable electronics, and degrade some kinds of materials. ...us_particle_energy.svg|thumb|Cosmic flux versus particle energy at the top of Earth's atmosphere.]] ...

...somehow. It does this by emitting particles or waves that carry away most of that energy. These particles or waves move away from the nuclear material ...es of these can react to distribute their energy among various other kinds of particles or waves that radiate away. Because these particles or waves are ...