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...You get stimulated scattering, and it can be a big problem for some kinds of beams. ...rgy that wasn’t used up making that infrared photon (which is usually most of it). This is usually a very weak process, and for practical purposes we wo ...

You've managed to direct the fearsome energies of your death ray beam onto your foe. Great! So now you have an intense irra ...he fluence <math>F</math> is the total energy delivered for a given amount of area, <math>F = I \, t</math>. ...

...pe velocity from the Sun, and the start and end point are on the same side of the Sun rather than crossing near the Sun during the trip, the straight-lin ...work everything in metric units (SI), meters, kilograms, and seconds. One of the challenges in explaining propulsion is that it is easy to get tangled u ...

...somehow. It does this by emitting particles or waves that carry away most of that energy. These particles or waves move away from the nuclear material ...es of these can react to distribute their energy among various other kinds of particles or waves that radiate away. Because these particles or waves are ...

...earch systems the size of cities, they have an incredible widespread range of applications. There are also many, many ways to build a particle accelerato ...e a general primer on particle accelerators, their physics and a selection of technologies and construction styles. In detail, all particle accelerators ...